Pressure for reform led to official formulations of basic qualifications for different posts; appointments and promotions boards were established within each department to prevent or obstruct overt political favouritism and nepotism; and salary scales were introduced for different grades to provide a civil servant with increments for good service while still holding the same post.
Horn's official formulations of the two principles avoid clashes by adding the bracketed "given" clauses.
This is, of course, not to diminish the importance of voices from outside official channels in the formulation of policy.
At a press conference two days after the attack, Wolfowitz called for "ending states who sponsor terrorism" — the most militant formulation any official has used publicly.
The appeal, a day after the White House released 100 pages of e-mails on the formulation of official talking points on the Benghazi attacks, seemed calculated to draw a line under the issue, after months of criticism by Republicans that the State Department mishandled security in Benghazi and then airbrushed its account of the attack.
The Foreign Ministry instructed its diplomatic missions around the world to use the same, more cautious, formulation, ministry officials said.
Israel insists that it can never be safe within the 1967 borders, and officials said Mr. Bush's formulation had been deliberate.
The fund also operates the IMF Institute, a department that provides training in macroeconomic analysis and policy formulation for officials of member countries.
Instead, Mr. Hague said, Britain was reducing ties to "the lowest level consistent" with having a diplomatic relationship at all — a formulation British officials said was linked, in part, to the need for continuing contacts with Tehran on its nuclear programs.
