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Two-thirds of central banks' official foreign exchange reserves are also dollar-denominated.
FOR a currency that ranks third behind the dollar and euro in official foreign exchange holdings, the pound has recently been keeping some louche company.
Ironically, the black market has infiltrated the control room of the official foreign exchange system, thanks to accommodating employees keen to pad up their meagre salaries.This is a flourishing business.
I don't blame Beijing for fretting over the state of the international fiat money "system". It has $2 trillion in official foreign exchange reserves at risk.
Together with annual foreign direct investment inflows of about $80 billion and official foreign exchange reserves of $1.5 trillion (the highest in the world), Fitch believes China's external sovereign debt repayment capacity is extremely strong.
China's official foreign exchange reserves fell more than half a trillion dollars last year and are still falling, with a loss of nearly $46 billion in October alone, and the International Institute of Finance think-tank estimates outflows doubled in the September quarter to more than $200 billion.
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The greenback accounts for almost two-thirds of official foreign-exchange reserves identified by the IMF (see right-hand chart).
FOREIGN RESERVES Japan's official foreign-exchange reserves outstrip those of the 11 euro-area countries put together.
Dr. Salehi-Isfahani suggested that President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's government might have to resolve the budget deficit problem with an accounting maneuver that would recalculate the value of Iran's oil sales at half the official foreign-exchange rate — 25,000 rials per dollar instead of the central bank's artificial rate of 12,260 rials per dollar.
Some of the reasons the firm gives for the loss of confidence include the arrests of top Chinese government officials, the foreign exchange rate rigging by six global banks and numerous data breaches.
Psychologically the manoeuvre feels like a step back in time, to India's pre-reform era of the 1980s, when Indians were fenced off from the rest of the world by their government, entrepreneurs had to beg pompous officials for foreign exchange and the rich had to ask their servants to buy malt whiskey from the black market.The changes are not as serious as that, but they will hurt the rich.
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