Review methods We included replication studies from 1 January 1995 to 1 January 2011 if they provided contingency data for the offending outcome that the tools were designed to predict.
These analyses found no evidence that sex, ethnicity, age, type of instrument, temporal design, assessment setting, location of offending outcome, length of follow-up, sample size, or publication status was associated with differences in predictive validity (web table 2).
Following a cohort of 1,000 children from birth to the age of 32 y, we show that childhood self-control predicts physical health, substance dependence, personal finances, and criminal offending outcomes, following a gradient of self-control.
Further research is needed to better understand the relationships between jail first, receipt of psychotropic medication, and broader health and offending outcomes, with a focus on identifying missing links that address criminogenic risks and participants' more intensive social service needs.
In addition to examining the impact of the intervention on health service utilisation, health and offending outcomes, we aim to examine the cost-effectiveness of the Passports intervention, taking into account development and implementation costs, and cost savings associated with improved health-related quality of life, and avoided health problems and incarceration costs.
The data of 12,000 Brent children, who were already known to the council, was incorporated into its predictive model, according to a council document, which went on to claim that the system "illustrated evidence to suggest we can start identifying children at risk of criminal exploitation and offending well before the outcome occurred".
Table 1 presents a summary of these patients' data, including diagnosis and involved level, offending pathogens, and clinical outcome after PEDI.
A growing body of literature has documented poor health outcomes in offending populations both in custody (AIHW 2013) and after return to the community (Kinner 2006; Cutcher et al. 2014).
Only evaluations that reported effects on the outcomes of delinquency, offending, violence, aggression, or bullying were included.
Will we toss the embryo, "start all over again and try for a better one?" Or change the offending genes based on probabilistic outcomes?
Although these instruments were mostly designed to predict the likelihood of offending, we included violent, sexual, and antisocial outcomes (based on clinical records and other measures) even if they did not lead to convictions.
