Hence, our BN model focuses only on source level hypotheses, ignoring the offence level hypotheses and the associated difficulties of modelling factors like opportunity, motive and intent.
While the scientist is able to make inferences on the source and activity level, the ultimate question of guilt at the offence level lies with a judge or jury.
Police believed that Mr Aydogdu was criminally responsible for what happened - but there was no way he could face the typical offences levelled at drivers whose actions are called into question.
The second disciplinary hearing stems from the elevation of the offence to level three, which covers abusive language based on "race, religion or belief, colour, descent, national or ethnic origin, age, disability, gender, sexual orientation or background".
Yesterday, Ian Watkins pleaded guilty to almost all of the sexual offence charges levelled against him.
Significantly, there will also be no multiplication of penalties for repeat offences, with each breach being treated "on its merits", although a fifth "lower-level" or fourth "upper-level" offence within a six-month period will result in referral to the BHA's disciplinary panel for punishment.
Explaining the decision to drop the case, Ubhey said: "In reconsidering this case, we have had particular regard to the seriousness of the alleged offence and the level of harm done.
He would have faced an eight-week ban for a 'top end' entry level offence.
The case against Jadeja was heard before the start of the third Test in Southampton, with match referee David Boon downgrading the offence to a level one infringement.
"In relation to the dangerous tackle on Tom Biggs there was the potential for significant injury and for that reason we believe that it was a mid-range entry level offence of six weeks," he said.
Jadeja was originally fined 50% of his match fee when his case was heard before the start of the third Test, with match referee David Boon downgrading the offence to a level one infringement.
