What did the city of Philadelphia do to ward off the spread of the virus?
The market makers supply liquidity optimally by setting bid-and-ask prices to earn off the spread, while minimizing their cost of holding inventory.
Banks historically earned money off the spread between what they paid for money and the rate they charged customers for that money.
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, N.Y., tried to ward off the spread of illness — and the sharing of plastic ware — by asking students to stop playing the drinking game beer pong.
In Algeria, Jordan, Morocco, and Oman, rulers offered a variety of concessions, ranging from the dismissal of unpopular officials to constitutional changes, in order to head off the spread of protest movements in their countries.
On the roads leading to the tiny island of Anglesey, just off the coast of Wales, men have been laying down mats soaked in disinfectant, to ward off the spread of infection.
Dr. Ian Hancock, a professor of Romany Studies at the University of Texas in Austin, says that "evidence points to their having been a multi-ethnic military body assembled to fight off the spread of Islam".
Now it has decided that its salvation lies in becoming a traditional savings institution, one that lives off the spread between what it pays for deposits and what it takes in as interest on loans.
Referring to the money it makes off the spread, Western Union said in its 2012 annual filing, "we generate revenues based on the difference between the exchange rate set by us to the customer and the rate at which we or our agents are able to acquire currency".
In an attempt to stave off the spread of AIDS and hepatitis through addicts sharing injecting equipment, the first needle exchange was introduced in Liverpool in 1986 from a modified toilet within the Mersey Drug Training and Information Centre, sited next door to the drug dependency unit.
