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It is thus tempting to propose a scenario in which the eye field specification genes control the expression of a battery of morphogenetic regulators, the combinatorial activity of which regulates the behaviour of eye cells (cell migration, cohesion and maintenance of segregation).
HNF4α exerts direct transcriptional effects on target genes, and it also works indirectly via the positive regulation and negative regulation of other liver-enriched transcription factors, each of which regulates numerous downstream targets [ 1, 2].
The rest of the genome is made of DNA, some of which regulates how genes work.
In this review, we discuss recent literature demonstrating that distinct molecular pathways are modulated by specific environmental inputs, the output of which regulates leaf dissection.
In general, the presence of eQTL hotspots suggests either the presence of a master regulator gene which controls the expression of groups of genes together or the presence of several tightly linked genes within the hotspot, each of which regulates the expression of a subset of genes mapping to this locus [31], [33], [34].
HSP70 and Annexin-1, the latter of which regulates apoptosis and inflammation [ 75], were also identified from BrCa pleural effusion-derived exosomes [ 65].
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Cytoplasmic as well as nuclear proteins have been identified as regulators of Smad signalling, most of which regulate it in a comprehensive manner.
Cells possess mechanisms that permit survival and recovery from stress, several of which regulate the phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2alpha (eIF2alpha).
GAF domains arranged in tandem are found in PDE2, −5, −6, −10, and −11, all of which regulate the cellular concentrations of the second messengers cAMP and/or cGMP.
Perhaps the most rapid progress has come with the catalytically inert rhomboid proteins, some of which regulate protein trafficking and/or function, and their prominence is underscored by clinical mutations.
The Arabidopsis genome contains 23 ARFs [ 19], specific subsets of which regulate a multitude of developmental processes [ 20– 23].
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