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Inclusion of waste milk enhances hydrogen production from cow manure and could offer added benefit of waste milk treatment and disposal.
Presently, the most common method of managing waste milk is disposing large volumes of waste milk into landfills, which raises concerns on groundwater pollution and local ecosystem disturbance.
The use of waste milk as calf feed is controversial.
This is the first survey in Sweden reporting on the use of waste milk from cows treated with antimicrobials as feed for calves.
Future work should focus on the effect of waste milk feeding on the occurrence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in the calves' intestinal microbiota.
Thus, there is a need for further research before definite conclusions can be drawn about the effect of waste milk feeding on the intestinal microbiota of the calves.
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Seeking possible correlations between the consumption of wasted milk and the pathogenesis of OMI was beyond the scope of this study.
Number of farms in each category for which data on waste milk feeding and farm characteristics is available.
Calves were fed 2 liters of pasteurized waste milk supplemented with milk replacer containing 20% protein and 20% fat twice a day.
Without any formal regulations, it is assumed that the choice of feeding waste milk to calves is predominantly based upon each farmer's experiences and traditions.
On 84.1 % (n = 1082) of the farms waste milk (milk from cows with clinical mastitis, high somatic cell counts, or within the withdrawal period after treatment with drugs) was at least fed in exceptional cases to the calves (Table 4).
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