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It also increases our understanding of visitor effect by assessing the relationship between absolute visitor numbers and an aspect of the animals' physiology.
The present study was designed to increase understanding of visitor effect by assessing the relationship between visitor numbers and activity in the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis.
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However, previous investigations of visitor effects on ape behavior vary in scope and methodology, leading to inconsistent results across groups and institutions.
This study shows how investigation of a wider range of visitor variables may allow for more meaningful conclusions about the visitor effect, and that other factors such as enclosure design and habituation to visitors may also influence captive animal welfare.
Enclosure design and habituation could have alleviated visitor effects for these two groups of orangutans.
We cannot say that the four types of visitors would produce the same relative contributions elsewhere, but we remain convinced that visitor effects are strong in this city and merit investigation elsewhere.
Specifically, S dp increased as stem size increased and increased as inflorescence size increased at a greater rate in A. mellifera than in Bombus spp. There was a significant overall effect of visitor taxon on pollinator effectiveness through female (tN = 382 = 4.9, P = 1.0 × 10−4) and male (tN = 382 = 7.5, P < 2.2 × 10−16) reproduction, measured using insertions and removals, respectively.
Observations from this study are suggestive of the "healthy person non-visitor effect" because those who have never been to a dentist consider themselves not in need of oral health care and perceive their oral health to be better and therefore do not see the need to visit a dentist.
There was a significant effect of visitor taxon on insertion rate (χ 2 2, N = 382 = 16.9, P = 2.1 × 10−4).
Fig. 5 Repercussion effects of visitor's consumption on GHG emission by industry.
Fig. 4 Repercussion effects of visitor's consumption on waste generation by waste category.
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