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In geologic terms, coal is a sedimentary rock containing a mixture of constituents, mostly of vegetal origin.
In this work, the performance of three natural surfactants (one produced by a bacteria and two of vegetal origin) in comparison to synthetics surfactants (cationic, anionic, non-ionic and zwitterionic) for its potential use in enhanced oil recovery EOR application was compared.
Fig. 10 Sample 4 chromatogram that indicates a lipidic material of vegetal origin.
Natural resins of vegetal origin were widely employed in easel painting [17].
In particular, drying oils and natural resins of vegetal origin were studied in order to get information about ageing processes that consist in modification and degradation of these compounds.
The chromatogram of the lipidic-resinous fraction evidenced a lipidic composition in the samples 1, 2 and 3 at the level of the instrumental blank, while in sample 4 a lipidic material of vegetal origin was identified (Fig. 10).
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Imports and exports of vegetal material require prior authorization from the Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources after due phytosanitary inspection of the vegetal origin (Minagra, 1999).
Torres et al. (2011) reported the performance of three biosurfactants (of bacterial and vegetal origin) in comparison to different synthetic surfactants (cationic, anionic, non-ionic, and zwitterionic) for potential use in EOR applications.
However, most previous studies focused on dioxin intake from foods known to be the most contaminated by dioxins and did not consider dioxin intake from consumption of foods from vegetal origin.
This pigment is known as carbon black [52]; the absence of the band at 960 cm−1, of the phosphate moiety in calcium phosphate [57], suggests the vegetal origin of the coal in the fresco.
Secondary metabolites from vegetal origin are a potential source of anticoagulant drugs [ 5].
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