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Also, FCG rate of untreated material decreased after the application of UL and DLC coating almost suppressed this behavior.
With a treatment time of 4.0 h at 400 °C, the nitrogen-rich layer on the sample was 20 μm thick and had a hardness of approximately 4.3 times higher than that of untreated material.
The results of the California bearing ratio (CBR) tests for the soaked and unsoaked samples of untreated material at zero curing and when treated with varying percentages of cement are presented in Table 4.
The seemingly higher initial rate for the conversion of untreated material compared with pretreated material could be explained by the conversion to ethanol of sugars not belonging to polymers (cellulose, arabinoxylan) of BG.
Parsons et al. (1974) compared 12 different sample preparation methods for visualizing cells and found that with no time or equipment constraints, the best method was the use of untreated material.
The improved freeze-drying procedure resulted in considerable increase in the S-HBsAg VLPs content in comparison to the previous trial, where only approximately 10 μg VLPs/g DW were obtained after lyophilisation of untreated material coming from plants expressing the antigen at similar level [ 4].
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The cellulose conversion of untreated materials was less than 30%.
The chemical compositions of untreated materials were calculated as the average values and standard deviations (average ± SD).
All reported values for molecular weight and DP were the mean average of duplicate samples, except in the case of the untreated material which was the average of six samples for each type of cellulose.
These values are 5 and 9 times higher than that of the untreated material, which supports the great potential of this one-step combined pre-treatment technology for sugar production from lignocellulosic substrates.
Figure 1 shows the morphological characteristics of the steam pretreated bagasse in the presence of CO2 or SO2 as well as of the untreated material, obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
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