Although a number of authors have attempted to calculate the contribution of these individual pathways to total contamination, the available data records are not presently adequate to allow sound conclusions to be drawn.
However, both in topsoil and in lichens, As, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, V and Zn form together with S and Br clusters of closely related elements indicating that Phaeophyscia orbicularis is a good urban indicator of polluting elements using which total contamination indices of topsoil ZT and of lichens ZL can be calculated.
For example, if 100 NTCs have been performed and one yielded a PCR product, then one can assume with a 95% confidence level that the total contamination level of the PCRs is lower than 4.7%.
However, current bacteriological monitoring procedures which focus on the quantification of faecal indicator organisms (FIOs) as a proxy for microbial pollution may not be representative of total bacterial contamination levels present in shellfish harvesting areas.
Significantly higher frequencies of total coliform contamination were encountered in the winter (66%) than in the summer (36%).
However, the PFCs and the POP that were measured behaved differently in regard to their distribution in the body, making an additional comparison of total body contamination necessary.
Whole blood contains about 0.5% blood lipids, and thus represents only a small part of the total body contamination of PCB for example.
Higher contamination of total and faecal coliform in all the river water samples showed that river water is under contamination from sewerages and also through runoffs from the places of open defecation on the banks.
Two µg of total RNA without DNA contamination was reverse transcribed into cDNA.
Reverse transcriptase-free negative controls were included to check for genomic contamination of total RNA extracts.
