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Raman enabled identification of specific pigments.
As electronic properties of chromophores are altered by such differences, a conformational effect may influence the site-energies of specific pigments and thus play a role in mediating the excitation energy transfer dynamics, but this has not yet been established.
Centuries of practical knowledge allowed artists and artisans to select materials which were not susceptible to fading or discolouration, and recommendations on unstable pigment mixtures (therefore not recommended), or on the use of specific pigments with selected binders, are common in artistic literature and treatises (see, for example, Cennini's "Il Libro dell'Arte" [5]).
The results allowed a timeline to be proposed for the production of specific pigments in the laboratories of one of the main European producers of paint materials in the period of the revolution of paint formulations, between the late 19th and the first decades of the 20th century.
The relative abundance of oxygenated carotenoids (xanthophylls) is conserved and tightly regulated in photosynthetic tissues and is largely due to the involvement of specific pigments in the photosynthetic reaction centres of Photosystems (PS) I and II (mainly β-carotene) and the light harvesting antennae complexes (mainly the xanthophylls lutein, violaxanthin, and neoxanthin).
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Increased levels of these xanthophylls together with the protonation of specific pigment-binding antenna proteins cause a conformational change of PSII into a high quenching state where excess light energy is dissipated as heat [ 5].
Differences in primary pigment binding are at least as much a function of organismal biology as they are the result of fundamental differences in LHC biochemistry, although affinities for specific pigments do vary.
Of these, specific pigments such as anthocyanin (similar reflectance peaks as the red algal phycobilin pigments, Figure 4A) and carotenoids (not shown) were useful for distinguishing changes along the interaction zone and between the coral and the algae.
Only a single contemporary description of Maki's printing technique exists, and with the exception of cobalt blue [2], no specific pigments are given for his brightly colored inks.
Our study showed that natural orpiment was used in Set A and the artificial pigment (with one notable occurrence of natural orpiment) in Set B. Additionally, a characteristic distribution for the co-occurrence of specific blue pigments with natural orpiment or the artificial arsenic sulfide to obtain a green color was seen for each print set.
Pigments typically determine floral colour; however, few studies have examined the specific pigments present in Nicotiana petals.
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