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An alternative approach is focused on the direct selection, isolation and transfer of specific genetically modified CD8+ T-cell populations (Hinrichs et al., 2009; Uttenthal et al., 2012).
This progress has been enabled by the use of optogenetic and thermogenetic activation of specific, genetically targeted populations of neurons in freely moving adult flies (Flood et al., 2013a; Owald et al., 2015).
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Its informative value needs to be tested in high TB-burden countries, where the use of genotyping is often complicated by dominance of geographically specific, genetically homogeneous strain lineages.
Various modalities have been explored, ranging from the immunostimulation of non-specific cytokine to the development of highly specific genetically engineered T cells.
The application of more specific genetically induced intramitochondrial proteolytic stress by overexpression of the truncated dOTC protein increased apoptosis in control SH-SY5Y cells to a similar extent as the chemical treatment.
However, its application in high TB-burden countries has been hampered hitherto by constrained resources, technical limitations of standard IS6110 fingerprinting [5], and, in general, by the dominance of geographically specific, genetically homogeneous strain lineages (e.g. [6]), which renders molecular discrimination of unrelated clones difficult.
The other more direct approach is the production of highly specific genetically engineered autologous T cells that express tumor antigen-specific T-cell receptors (TCR) or immunoglobulin-based fusion protein, known as chimeric antigen receptors (CARs).
Precise spatial and temporal manipulation of neural activity in specific genetically defined cell populations is now possible with the advent of optogenetics.
Such specific, genetically controlled senescence processes are instances of programmed life termination.
The technique of in vivo light delivery and simultaneous recording of neuronal responses holds the promise of establishing direct causal relationships between the onset/offset and pattern of activity in specific genetically-determined neuronal populations and corresponding time-locked behavioral events.
Incorporation of a site-specific genetically encoded non-natural amino acid 7HC by an orthogonal tRNA/aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase pair, pioneered by Wang et al., is an ideal solution in the case of GR.
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