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Two kinds of sheet thickness profiles, a simple 2 mm thick sheet and a thickness modified sheet (designed to give a final dome thickness of 1 mm) were used in the forming.
Clearances, expressed as fractions of sheet thickness h, are indicated in each panel.
This paper concentrates on the experimental validation of sheet thickness optimisation in the superplastic forming process.
Clearances (expressed as fractions of sheet thickness h) and clamping configurations are indicated in the figure legend.
However, one qualitative measure of sheet thickness that can be obtained in the SEM is their degree of transparency.
In particular, the influence of sheet thickness, gap, loading direction, weld shapes and zinc coating were analyzed.
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Nanoscope Analysis software (Bruker) was used to calculate the histograms of sheet thicknesses and mean nanosheet diameter after 30 or 60 min sonication treatments.
Various challenges arise when applying this technique to small scales, including diffraction effects, errors due to Brownian motion and spurious reflections, and the necessity of setting the measurement volume using the depth of field instead of light sheet thickness.
Interestingly, some sheets appear to be bent out of plane (Figure 2b) which conveniently facilitates an estimate of the sheet thickness to be in the range of a few tens of nanometres.
VLM-S employs thick layers with finite thickness, so that surface reconstruction is necessary to obtain a sloping angle of a side surface and the point data at a half of the sheet thickness.
While measurements of ice sheet thickness have been made for decades using airborne radar systems, by NASA's Operation IceBridge in particular, these measurements are not sufficient in number and quality in important ice sheet regions – near the edges and in the South.
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