In sentence type F3, the noun 'Anna' conveys a focus accent which also influences the realization of surrounding sentence elements.
But metonymy is not adequate to account for the variety of connections between sentence elements, their hierarchies, etc.; nor does Jakobson want to represent it as such.
Even with the presence of the context of situation, drawing a sharp line between sentence elements in terms of the degree of CD they carry may be inaccurate as it differs from one interpretation to another.
Using a tree representation, the structure of a sentence can be clearly shown by applying PSG rules at each level of the tree to map sentence elements at the current level to the sentence elements at a higher level.
The first, which works only part of the time, is to move sentence elements around until the modifying phrase or clause is right next to the word it modifies: "Jones returned last summer to direct the play, which drew rave reviews". When that doesn't work, the easiest option is to turn a modifying phrase into a complete clause.
There are many such confusing sentence elements: complex objects that consist of and-, or-, or comma-separated elements; quotations; prepositions and articles; proper names; punctuation marks.
Sentence elements are the parts that play different grammatical roles in a sentence.
She replied, "What kind of project do you want to do?" I countered with, "Well, what are you working on?" Turns out she was investigating the neurological underpinnings of syntactic structure, using functional M.R.I. to determine where in the brain certain elements of sentence processing take place.
(Although it is worth noting that that Grice's analysis of sentence meaning incorporates social elements, and that both speaker and audience are essential to his notion of conversational implicature. For more on this, see Saul 2002).
