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Morphological changes of second phases in the microstructures of the polycrystalline materials are also described.
Three alumina-based ceramic feedstocks with different types and amount of second phases were developed.
One of the ways of overcoming the obstacle is to utilize the beneficial effects of second phases.
The role of second phases in grain refinement is discussed in terms of pinning and driving forces for recrystallization.
The corresponding SAED patterns (Fig. 5) of both samples show spotty ring patterns without any additional diffraction spots and rings of second phases, revealing their crystalline spinel structure.
It is seen that the samples prepared at a reaction temperature up to 110 °C crystallize in a pure orthorhombic Bi2WO6 phase with no traces of second phases.
Microstructural characterization studies revealed grain refinement and significant increase in amount of second phases as a result of increasing presence of copper.
Examination using TEM did not reveal any evidence of second phases at the interface suggesting a sharp transition between the two metals.
It indicates that the second phases act as micro-anodes, which are greatly different from the role of second phases in traditional Mg alloys.
Annealing at 675 °C and normalizing at 920 °C heat treatments were used to produce different morphologies and fractions of second phases.
Meanwhile, there is an increasing number of works indicating that the formation of second phases or defects may be the origin of ferromagnetism instead of the inherent property of the system [21, 24 28].
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