In a further set of experiments, the impact of the indicator molecule chemistry on the relative ranking of the AOXs in terms of reducing potency was studied (Table 2).
Both glucagon and oxyntomodulin caused a dose-dependent activation of the reporter gene with reduced potency compared with GLP-1 (Table 3).
However, there are a number of limitations to the application of exogenous rhBMPs, including reduced potency compared to their endogenous counterparts, requiring the administration of superphysiologic concentrations which in turn leads to significant side effects and high cost [ 13, 14].
The recent results of Westhoff and colleagues have revealed that smoking does not influence the Disease Activity Score or radiographic scores, yet smokers need higher doses of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, which may indicate reduced potency of these drugs due to smoking or higher disease activity that can be controlled by only high doses of drugs [ 62].
The partial AR agonist Andrenosterone showed reduced potency of target engagement, with an EC50 of 50.6 nM.
N-Terminal capping by acetyl eliminated PAR-2 activity, although removal of the amino group reduced potency by just 4-fold.
However, presumably due to the sustained reduced potency of γ-wt to induce GTPγS binding, we were unable ro reach saturation for γ-wt, thus precluding determination of Emax and EC50 values for this chemokine in ths assay.
This is consistent with the relatively reduced potency of wogonin compared with the other two flavones.
In addition, it is to note that advantage of our methodology lies on obtaining potent activated A-NK cells which will expectedly reduce the number of required cells to transfer into patients compared to total activated mixed NK cells (adherent and nonadherent NK cells) with potentially reduced potency of NK cells.
Exemplar compounds from each of the five chemical series showed reduced potency at the higher concentration of ATP, indicative of ATP competitive behavior (Table 2).
