Viabilities of recipient cells determined by Direct Viable Counting (DVC).
The detection limit is one transformant per 109 colony-forming unit (c.f.u). of recipient cells.
Upon endocytosis, exosomes deliver their active components, including proteins, RNA and miRNA directly into the cytoplasm of recipient cells, and can influence their biological processes6.
These MVs secreted from intestinal epithelial cells would then deliver exogenous plant miRNAs into other organs and regulate the function of recipient cells.
The discharge of the lipid contents of this complex requires the recognition of the LDL B-100 apoprotein by a receptor located on the surface of recipient cells.
The biggest challenge to gene therapy is how to efficiently deliver the desired therapeutic gene into a sufficient number of recipient cells to achieve significant clinical efficacy.
Overall, results suggest that convergent fast (feedforward) inputs determine size and structure of the CRFs of recipient cells in visual cortex.
Importantly GRN163L is retained in the cell for a prolonged period of time and its intracellular half-life is similar to the doubling time of recipient cells (37−40 h).
These findings show that RMS-derived exosomes enhance invasive properties of recipient cells, and that exosome content of fusion-positive RMS is different than that of fusion-negative RMS, possibly contributing to the different metastatic propensity of the two subtypes.
This is reminiscent of the PM fusion of dendritic cell-derived exosomes in the immune system42, and supports the functionality of exosomes in the intercellular transfer of signaling molecules directly to the PM and cytoplasm of recipient cells.
We found that, as expected, protein levels of both were decreased in lysates of recipient cells of these respective exosomes after 48 hours of treatment, when compared to control-treated cells (Fig. 2j).
