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The background of the conjunctive water use and its applications for the management of poor quality water and management of rising watertable are presented.
Historically, groundwater recharge to the Permian units of these basins has received little attention due to their low yields of poor quality water.
The conjunctive use allows the utilization of poor quality water, which cannot be used as such for the crop production due to its harmful effect on soil and crop health.
And, over withdrawal of groundwater leads to decline of its water levels and consequently it becomes poor in quality due to increase of residence time of water with aquifer material and leakage of poor quality water (Wu et al. 2015).
Cultivated soils all over the world are becoming more saline due to continuing use of poor quality water for irrigation, excessive fertilization, and desertification processes (Ramadoss et al. 2013).
Shallow groundwater and other sources of poor quality water are often used as a drinking water source for animals.
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This has resulted in air of poorer quality; water pollution in rivers and lakes; a rise in noise pollution; slope erosion caused by the construction of ski slopes and roads; dumping of solid and organic waste; erosion from the quarrying of rock, sand, and gravel for construction; and forests weakened by acid rain.
Though underground water is accessible since the advent of borehole technology, there is still the added challenge of poor-quality water (high salinity) in some places (Hitchcock 1978; Mogotsi et al. 2011a).
Contamination of milk at farm level to collection centres could be attributed to handling of milk with unclean equipment, use of poor-quality water for cleaning, and the use of ineffective and inappropriate sanitation agents (Muriuki 2011; Yilma 2012).
Regarding the defensive expenditures/avoided cost approach, the value of improved water quality can be estimated based on the expenditures undertaken by people to avoid consumption of poor-quality water.
The results of this programme have been useful in Tunisia as well as other Mediterranean countries that face similar problems of using poor quality water on heavy coastal soils.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com