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This pattern of diminishing returns to connectivity is robust across multiple citation measures of patent quality.
However, patent citations explain little variance in value, suggesting limits to their use as a measure of patent quality.
Prior art patent citations have become a popular measure of patent quality and knowledge flow between firms.
Areas of technology with higher levels of foreign-born expertise experienced much faster patent growth between 1940 and 2000 than otherwise comparable technology areas, in terms of both the number of patents and a citation-adjusted measure of patent "quality".
Countries with higher rates of invention — as measured by patent applications filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty, an indicator of patent quality — exhibit lower inequality than those with less inventive activity.
As it happened, the researchers found that their measures of patent quality based on textual analysis correlated quite well with the other measures — strong evidence that their phrase-based approach is reliable.
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Of course, patent quality also means applying the law accurately and clearly even in areas of the law that are evolving, including, for example, the 101 jurisprudence on what is patent eligible subject matter.
With a stable funding source, a shrinking backlog of unexamined patent applications (a 30% reduction since the beginning of the Administration), and the lowest pendencies in more than a decade, the Agency was able to focus, in an unprecedented manner, on new ways of improving patent quality from every angle and considering all options--big and small and before, during, and after examination.
The Supreme Court has continually acknowledged the importance of maintaining high patent quality, saying just a few years ago that, "the results of ordinary innovation are not the subject of exclusive rights under the patent laws [because w]ere it otherwise patents might stifle, rather than promote, the progress of useful arts".
She adds that despite the greater influx of applications, her Enhanced Patent Quality Initiative, launched in 2015, still manages to shrink wait times.
However, there is significant unobserved heterogeneity at the university level in all models, suggesting that differences in other university characteristics explain a substantial part of the variance in patent quality.
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