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According to the critical theorists, the oppression of "outer nature" (i.e., the natural environment) through science and technology is bought at a very high price: the project of domination requires the suppression of our own "inner nature" (i.e., human nature)—e.g., human creativity, autonomy, and the manifold needs, vulnerabilities and longings at the centre of human life.
The primary object of this exhaustive analysis was an understanding not so much of outer nature as of the human person (puggala).
Nature loses its objective meaning, or in this sense, its own "substance"; not only in the case of outer nature, but also in the case of inner nature, because of the functionalization of our desires and drives.
This now fairly common line of critique is complicated in Horkheimer's work from the 1940s, however, because instrumental rationality's distortion of "outer nature" (nature taken in the most straightforward sense), is directly tied to the repression of "inner nature".
But this further requires that our desires must be construed in such a way that they can provide a clear guide for the technological and industrial activity that makes use of outer nature.
The same points are made in Eclipse in the chapter "The Revolt of Nature," where the domination of inner nature is described as following necessarily from the domination of outer nature.
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Contrary to this, the transhumanist approach extrapolates a state of command over the inner and outer nature of man, which seems to enable him to reach out to his natural-historical basis.
Similarly, his book might have been entitled, The Inner and Outer Nature of Reality.
Instrumental reason leads us to dominate outer nature by taking outer nature to be meaningless apart from the way it can satisfy the prerogatives of our self-preservation.
Lohmann 1993 suggestively sums up Horkheimer's point by referring to the domination of outer and inner nature as a process of "desubstantialization" (p. 392).
You could see the actual distance between them and the three dimensional nature of outer space.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com