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Thus, the results of our playback experiment suggest that species recognition in mangrove finches is impaired by the song divergence between the two remnant populations, which will affect sexual selection by male-male competition upon secondary contact.
We observed however, that the individuals with changes in their repertoire during the playback experiment tended to have a larger repertoire during the first phase of our playback experiment.
Sixteen (13 males, 3 females) grey mouse lemurs were subjects of our playback experiments.
We consider this explanation to be highly unlikely since all of our playback stimuli used in this study were recorded from one population of free-flying ravens at the same location in Austria.
Overall, the results of our playback experiment indicated that male rhesus macaques distinguished between related and unrelated females using the acoustic modality, with kin-line and degree of relatedness influencing the probability to respond.
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Nevertheless, when considering only one of our two playback sessions, we found that our monkeys also gave lateralized responses to one of the four heterospecific stimuli, orienting their head to the left side after the playbacks of mangabey's threat calls, but showed no asymmetry for De Brazza monkeys.
Our playback procedure of distant neighbour song mimicked a group member leaving its territory and attempting to come up closer to the tested male.
This natural response provided confidence in the quality of our recordings and playback apparatus.
We prepared a virtual environment as shown in Figure 3 for proof of the concept of our view-based teaching/playback.
Furthermore, time frames of behavioural responses, in our case to termination of playback, may not be simply immediate but involve broader time frames of tens of minutes, hours or days [ 20].
We additionally took GPS points of the position of the loudspeaker, the subject's initial position at time of playback, and of the subject's position 3 min after the playback experiment.
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