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In the first stage, a sample of 167 municipalities was drawn which were representative of municipality sizes and structures in Germany.
In the first stage, a sample of 167 German municipalities (112 in the former West Germany, 55 in the former East Germany) was drawn which was representative of municipality sizes and structures in Germany.
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The municipalities were chosen to make the sample representative in terms of municipality size [ 8].
The size of municipality and varying social class distributions in the municipalities of different sizes are potential confounders, but on the other hand, the frequency of using private gynaecologists may be a mechanism through which the impact of municipality size or social class has its influence.
Some variables such as manufacturing industry workers/population ratio were negatively correlated, suggesting that these variables have a negative impact on the number of physicians when the effect of municipality size is adjusted for.
Municipalities of different sizes were selected to control for a potential confounding effect of municipality-size: large (>200,000 inhabitants), middle-sized (50 200,000 inhabitants) and small municipalities of <25,000 inhabitants.
Regarding location variables two sets of results are presented: controlling for municipality size (seven categories) or by postal code.
However, sample size is considerably smaller than in the full sample because the sampling of municipalities in PIAAC was proportional to municipality size (Rammstedt, 2013).
The nationwide age and sex specific asthma prevalence was obtained as the ratio of the total number of children with asthma across all municipalities and the total number of children across all municipalities, thereby automatically weighted for municipality size.
Controls were randomly selected using age, sex and region quotas from a sample of 30 000 phone numbers representative of the French population with respect to area of residence and municipality size categories.
a Adjusted for age, mortality, travel time to hospital, education, composite variable of "municipality population size" and "hospital status", with municipality as random factor.
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