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However, this process is not sustainable due to high levels of material wastage resulting from unused products because of the low demand of particular sizes.
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The above-reported CIGSe device record efficiency evolutions have been fabricated by vacuum deposition techniques, which are being challenged due to the expensive vacuum systems, target materials, and percentage of materials wastage.
The built environment is materially inefficient, with structural material wastage in the order of 50% being common.
The purpose of this was to reduce material wastage subsequent to poor machine performance and machine break down, which results in machine downtime.
Material wastage is minimal because of direct extrusion. .
Material wastage is minimal because of direct extrusion.
Correct calculation of material (including wastage) and labor required to complete the project.
The traditional manufacturing of titanium products is always difficult, time consuming, high material wastage and manufacturing costs.
In line with the mechanism associated with material wastage, the synergism due to the interaction of erosion and corrosion was divided into corrosion-enhanced erosion and erosion-enhanced corrosion.
However, most of these methods normally involve a complicated and toxic lithography process that often results in high costs, material wastage, difficulty in patterning large areas, and a certain degree of environmental pollution.
Electrodeposition is a major technique which can respond to the challenges of reducing the PV device production cost due to cost-effective equipment capital, less material wastage, and its compatibility towards industrial-scale production.
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