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Guevara was a more doctrinaire ideologue than Castro and a fervent critic of "material incentives" but in death he became transformed into an icon of daring and rebellion.
Recognising the importance of material incentives is important, Noland said, adding: "That earlier reform attempt was full of contradictions and was badly implemented and failed.
He became closely allied with pragmatist leaders such as Liu Shaoqi, who stressed the use of material incentives and the formation of skilled technical and managerial elites in China's quest for economic development.
Genuine conservatism, in Jacobson's view, has a number of strengths: It recognizes "the importance of material incentives in shaping behavior, and the difficulty in keeping bureaucracies under control and responsive to citizens".
For the most part this meant an about-face reversal of previous policies: the restoration of material incentives and private plots, and the return to village-sized production teams as the basic production unit (instead of the newly formed conglomerates called communes).
The response to that situation by Liu Shaoqi (who had succeeded Mao as chairman of the People's Republic in 1959), Deng Xiaoping, and the economic planners was to make use of material incentives and to strengthen the role of individual households in agricultural production.
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The reputation gained by participating in a game of skills becomes part of the reward, as opposed to (or in addition to) material incentives such as financial awards, ie, traditional incentives.
This is his opposition to material incentives.
A successful career in academia, after all, requires willingness to be critical of yourself and to learn from experience, along with a lack of interest in material incentives.
Deng stressed individual responsibility in the making of economic decisions, material incentives as the reward for industry and initiative, and the formation of cadres of skilled, well-educated technicians and managers to spearhead China's development.
It can take a variety of forms, from material incentives (e.g., financial rewards), through social incentives (e.g., maintaining a positive relationship) to personal incentives (e.g., achieving a desired goal).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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