Moreover, the differences between the studies may result from the application of different statistical tests based on either (i) models of molecular evolution that operate on long timescale or (ii) population genetic models that consider shorter timescale.
One way of addressing the dual challenges of computation efficiency and data analysis is to construct simplified models of long-timescale protein motion from MD simulation data.
A complete understanding of irregularities can only be achieved on the basis of continuous and systematic ionospheric monitoring, able to describe the temporal changes of the plasma on long timescales (months, years, decades) as well as on short timescales (minutes, hours, days) with a wide spatial coverage (hundreds of kilometres).
By recording from identified serotonergic neurons, we showed that (1) a large fraction of serotonergic neurons showed tonic firing modulation depending on state value on long timescales (tens of seconds to minutes); (2) serotonergic neurons phasically responded (mostly by excitation) to punishments; and (3) a subset of serotonergic neurons was phasically excited by reward-predicting cues.
Our results underscore two principles of the evolution of complex systems that operate on long timescales.
It is to be noted that gravity anomalies reflect the cumulative displacement of a long timescale.
Principal component analysis of the long timescale MD simulations was compared to the significantly less expensive normal mode analysis of minimized structures.
However, the global fitting does give insight into the origin of the long timescale "hump" observed in the [D4]EA versus EAL transients.
Spatial and temporal patterns of incision, and the long timescale of steady incision rule out models where geomorphic controls such as climate oscillations, bedrock strength, sediment load effects, or isostatic response to differential denudation are the first order drivers of canyon incision.
In measuring changes in Earth's rate of spin, the long timescale covered by ancient observations is an important asset.
