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Application of live loads widens the induced cracks even further.
Analyses have been made to determine the variation of live loads with building height.
The SMA wires or bars in both cases were tensioned cyclically due to loading and unloading of live loads.
A description is given of a survey of live loads on slab formworks in multistory concrete buildings during construction.
Current design codes and researchers usually approximate the effect of live loads on such soil-steel culverts.
Generally influence lines are applied to identify the most critical location and combination of live loads in civil engineering structures.
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First, growth of live load with time.
In addition, to calculate story mass, dead load plus 20%% of live load has been used.
The composition of live load is also discussed in the paper.
Furthermore, knowledge of the positions of live load can shed light on the cause of bridge deformation.
For nonlinear seismic analyses, a total mass including self-weight and floor cover "Dead Load; DL" plus 25%% of Live Load "LL" (1.0DL + 0.25LL) is considered (ECP 2008).
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