We advise all Muslims to exercise extreme caution in this issue since denying any part of Islam may lead to disbelief...we recognise the fact that Muslims hold different views regarding the veil but we urge all members of the Muslim community to keep the debate within the realms of scholarship amongst people of knowledge and authority in the Muslim community".
The tension between liberal ideals, pragmatism and authority ran like a leitmotif through books like "The Lost Soul of American Politics: Virtue, Self-Interest and the Foundation of Liberalism" (1984), "The Promise of Pragmatism: Modernism and the Crisis of Knowledge and Authority" (1994) and "Eugene O'Neill's America: Desire Under Democracy" (2007).
This is consistent with models of LTC self-management that advocate sharing of knowledge and authority between patients and healthcare providers, and that promote LTC-related problem solving such as the Arthritis Self-Management programme [ 49].
The first category was called "personal power" (the inner three-part circle in the model), which comes from the mutual effects of three processes i.e., "application of knowledge and skills", "having authority" and "self-confidence".
Although staff nurses and nursing managers pointed to different symbols of having authority, the relation between "power" (application of professional knowledge) and "authority" were so clear in their viewpoints that 36 participants referred to "authority" in explaining their experiences about '"power", and even considered them to be synonymous.
Six main themes emerged from the data: "Application of knowledge and skills", "Having authority", "Being self-confident", "Unification and solidarity", "Being supported" and "Organizational culture and structure".
Data analysis resulted in the identification of six themes, including "Application of knowledge and skills," "Having authority," "Being self-confident," "Unification and solidarity," "Being supported" and "Organizational culture and structure".
By defining expert activity through its social consequences and by making explicit the terms of social cooperation between researchers and patients, lay participants reshape the practices of gaining medical knowledge and authority (Epstein 1996, Part II).
Sexual relationships with students are understandable, they say, because professors are viewed by students as brilliant purveyors of truth and knowledge, and "authority figures... might call forth erotic feelings in some students" (p. 249).
Contrary to many accounts of the history of biology and biomedicine in the twentieth century, this story is one of a rejection of a reductive, molecular approach, and a decentring of the laboratory as a site of knowledge production and authority.
Manduca said the chief executive "acted at all times in the interests of the company and with the full knowledge and authority of the board", adding: "The board wishes to express its satisfaction that all parties have agreed to this settlement.
