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SES comprises 'observable variations in income, education and occupational prestige and so on; yet it has no measurable reality apart from these variables which are conceived to be its determinants' (ref. 16, p. 153); thus, SES may be statistically more accurately defined as a consequence rather than a cause of its indicator variables.
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Convergent validity was also measured using the AVE that should be at least 0.5 (Hair et al. 2014), which indicates that the construct explains more than half the variance of its indicators.
The majority of the "bottom billion" of the world's population live in Africa, which, until buoyed by the recent commodity boom, had seen an absolute decline in most of its indicators of human development.
But change is coming, hints Kelvin Droegemeier, retiring vice chair of the board and head of its Indicators committee.
The Average Variance Extracted (AVE) value of at least 0.5 shows satisfactory convergent validity, meaning that a latent variable is able to explain more than half of the variance of its indicators on average.
Although existing studies have suggested various methods to implement sustainable development principles in infrastructure projects, effective assessment of sustainability and proper definition of its indicators are scarce in this industry in general.
Each domain was considered as affected if one or more of its indicators were affected.
However, SES may better be specified as a linear function of its indicators; that is, as a formative latent variable.
As the study involves a complex formative construct (ie, security, privacy and trust), the sample size should be at least 10 times the number of its indicators.
In our opinion, however, active ageing cannot be reduced to the sum of its indicators as various forms of activity are not necessarily complementary (e.g. possible tension between work and care responsibilities).
Deloitte recently released the results of its VC Indicator Survey (PDF), conducted among Israeli VCs this past month.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com