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The first model considers the dust cloud to consist of isolated grains immersed in plasma.
While dust collective behavior is typically not observed in the interplanetary medium, the dust component rather consists of isolated grains screened by and interacting with the plasma.
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Dark isolated grains with sizes of 25 to 50 nm are seen dispersed along the grain boundary of the bright area.
After only a few cycles of such torture, silicon electrodes fracture and eventually split into tiny, isolated grains.
Fifty-nanometer nickel thin film shows isolated grains as shown in Fig. 2a where grain sizes were found in the range of 60 130 nm as shown in grain size distribution plot in Fig. 3a.
The results obtained are in good agreement with both Mullins analytical "small-slope" solution of the linearized problem (W. W. Mullins, 1957, j. Appl. Phys. 28, 333) (for the case of an isolated grain boundary) and with the solution for a periodic array of grain boundaries (S. A. Hackney, 1988, Scripta Metall. 22, 1731).
Conventional and cyclic nanoindentation measurements revealed different mechanical responses for indentation into and outside of the selected isolated grain with a spherical cap geometry with a radius greater than that of the indenter (50 nm).
By employing a phase-field model, we simulated the grain boundary (GB) kinetics in terms of GB segregation of solute atoms for an isolated grain embedded in a matrix and demonstrated that the phase-field simulation could describe the GB movement under conditions of GB segregation in a quantitatively correct way.
"If you drive across the plains of North America, you see these isolated grain silos where farmers store their grain," says Beveridge.
The capillarity-driven shrinkage of isolated cylindrical grains with structurally different grain boundaries in aluminum was studied by molecular dynamics simulations.
In the second stage a small amount of isolated large grains with the non-cube component grew and consumed the surrounding cube grains.
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