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In many midlatitude climates the rising curves of insolation and plant growth during spring and early summer cause soil moisture depletion, leading eventually to a deficit that is often strong enough to reduce runoff and streamflow.
Changes in the pattern of insolation favoured warmer summers at higher latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, but these changes also produced cooler winters in the Northern Hemisphere and relatively cool conditions year-round in the tropics.
See the paper by van de Berg et al. Significant contribution of insolation to Eemian melting of the Greenland ice sheet for an in-depth discussion about these differences.
His ideas were published in a series of papers and eventually brought together in his influential book Kanon der Erdbestrahlung und seine Anwendung auf das Eiszeitenproblem (1941; Canon of Insolation and the Ice-Age Problem).
The change from one climatic regime to another was caused by only modest changes in the pattern of insolation within the Holocene interval as well as the interaction of these patterns with large-scale climate phenomena such as monsoons and El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO).
The two principal mechanisms by which the orbital effects on the regional/seasonal distribution of insolation instigate climate change are melting/growth of ice sheets (thus albedo change –> temperature change) and the slow feedback effect of GHGs responding to temperature change, thus increasing the greenhouse effect.
Shortwave surface net radiation is usually determined by combining the measurement of insolation with an independent estimate of surface albedo.
Fig. 1 Seasonal variation of insolation (W m−2) at the top of the atmosphere averaged over 10 Pmodelsodels.
The parameter, ρg, is the diffuse reflectance or albedo which accounts for the ratio of insolation reflected by the ground.
The proposed model incorporates state transitions of components in a PV system and captures effects of insolation variations.
The amount of insolation reaching the surface is a critical parameter for climate change estimation and numerical weather prediction (NWP).
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