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Likewise, H5N1 isolates from domestic birds in China collected between 1999 and 2003 have revealed a pattern of increasing virulence [42], which is consistent with these results.
Koch reviewed the "law of increasing virulence," originally enunciated by Casimir Davaine in studies of anthrax, that an initial animal passage could "select" bacteria that were more pathogenic than those in the original tissue source [7].
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For example, in Candida species microevolution experiments have rapidly resulted in the creation of strains of increased virulence.
This does not rule out the possibility that some of these markers may be indicative of increased virulence.
Since we identified many Indels including some of those above-mentioned virulence-associated genes within both drug-susceptible and drug-resistant strains, our results suggest that drug resistance in M. tuberculosis is not necessarily an indication of increased virulence.
If virulence shifts occur in a chain reaction of several species of the microbiome, then the altered regime of increased virulence might remain stable or might take a long time to revert even if the injury or disease that triggered the switch is cured.
This state of 'chronic critical illness' can also be triggered by other acute episodes of illness (e.g., acute lung injury), and its maintenance seems related to persistent systemic inflammation [ 25], which might act by maintaining the microbiome in the altered regime of increased virulence.
Sialylation of neisserial LOS leads to increased virulence of the organism [52].
However, this model suggests the role of enterococci in increasing virulence in a polymicrobial infection.
Several long-term cohort studies and in-vitro fitness assays have resulted in inconsistent reports on changes in HIV-1 virulence, including reports of decreasing, stable, and increasing virulence over the course of the AIDS pandemic.
A number of residues in the polymerase proteins (PB1, PB2 and PA) and in the nucleoprotein (NP) are known to play a key role in the host range of AI viruses to increase virulence or replication in the mammalian host.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com