The relevance of high burden infection to TB disease in vivo was demonstrated by acid fast staining of lung leukocytes harvested from mice 2 wk after aerosol infection with 100 CFU Erdman delivered to the lung (Fig. S2).
To evaluate the relevance of high burden in vitro infections to events occurring in TB disease in vivo, C57BL/6 mice were infected with Mtb Erdman by aerosol (Glas-Col) set to deliver 100 CFU to the lung.
A combination of high burden of disease and large population reached makes KwaZulu-Natal the greatest beneficiary in terms of burden of disease averted.
Rotavirus vaccination has been incorporated into the national immunisation programme in Finland since September 2009 [ 6], based on estimates of high burden of disease and cost-effectiveness of vaccination [ 3].
We hypothesized that S. aureus appears in the urine in bacteremic patients because of higher burden of organisms and thus may portend worse outcome.
The countries are colour-coded to highlight areas of high burden of disease attributable to HAP from solid fuels as per Lim et.al. 5].
However, several items of the BCHV revealed areas of higher burden that need to be addressed in the future to prevent further attrition of community volunteers.
Our findings of high burden in older children and adults are highly relevant for vaccination strategies, particularly with pneumococcal, Hib, measles and pertussis vaccines.
The NTPs of high burden TB countries where a private sector is also present face difficulties in implementing treatment guidelines, resulting in inadequate treatment or non-compliance.
While the association of higher burden with patient's youth has much support in the literature [ 11, 17, 21, 25, 26], the finding that higher burden was experienced by those caring for female patients is uncommon [ 23].
From the government perspective, PortaTherm is valuable because it enables disease surveillance and identification of high-burden areas within countries, which can facilitate targeted, cost-effective typhoid vaccination and public health education campaigns.
