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The main results comparing mothers' and fathers' associations with offspring outcomes did not change with the addition of gender interaction terms.
Formal tests of gender interaction were performed in model 1 and where evidence of this was found (P < 0.10), subsequent analyses were stratified by gender.
Being more active at age 53 was also associated with stronger grip but in men only (test of gender interaction, P = 0004).
There were graded associations between physical activity levels at all three ages and chair rise performance (Table 3) and no evidence of differences in association by gender (p-values from tests of gender interaction ≥ 0.30).
Physical activity levels at all three ages were positively associated with standing balance (Table 4), with no evidence of differences in associations by gender (p-values from tests of gender interaction ≥ 0.09; Table 4).
There was no effect of gender (interaction with survey type, p = .7974; main effect p = .1161) nor pattern of work (part- versus full-time) (interaction with survey type p = .9330; main effect p = .0618).0618
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Given the rather small effects and the complexity of interacting factors we refrain from further interpretation of gender interactions.
Education was positively associated with grip strength in women in unadjusted analyses (P = 0.03) (Table 1), but in SII analyses genders were combined as there was no evidence of gender interactions when these were formally tested.
However, confidence intervals were widened, reflecting the smaller numbers of males included in our study, and no formal evidence of a gender interaction was seen (interaction p value 0.53 for KL ≥ 2, with age adjustment).
None of the gender interaction terms in multivariate analyses were statistically significant (p > 0.10).
However, there was little evidence of a gender interaction with any other outcome.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com