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According to this view, one must also have a minimum provision of external goods (e.g., health, security, access to resources) whose contribution to happiness is independent of their making virtuous activity possible.
Little is said about what it is for an activity to be unimpeded, but Aristotle does remind us that virtuous activity is impeded by the absence of a sufficient supply of external goods (1153b17 19).
In the same way, all forms of external goods (riches, physical beauty, health, friends, offspring, country, honors) are no part of happiness unless they are related to the mind (quatenus ad animum referuntur).
Aristotle's criticisms of deviant political states take a related line: states that encourage the consumption and accumulation of external goods for their own sake, or states that promote warfare and military supremacy as an end in itself, mistake the nature of the best human life.
When benefits of external goods are shared but costs are not, production is selectively favored only under restrictive conditions.
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For instance, property emerges from the state of nature through a social convention "to bestow stability on the possession of those external goods, and leave every one in the peaceable enjoyment of what he may acquire by his fortune and industry" (Treatise, p. 489).
Finally, it may be possible to defend the view that belief by its nature has no specific aim, but is rather a state that can constitute or lead to any number of different, external goods.
Aristotle holds happiness to be virtuous activity of the soul; but he raises — without solving — the problem of bodily and external goods and happiness.
In teaching people how to be virtuous, Antisthenes demarcated two categories of objects: (1) external goods, embracing such elements as personal property, sensual pleasure, and other luxuries; and (2) internal goods, including the truth and knowledge of the soul.
In this teaching the Stoics are addressing the problem of bodily and external goods raised by Aristotle.
However, in Book I Aristotle has already pointed out the problem of bodily and external goods in relation to happiness.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com