<img src="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/asset?id=info?doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0001663.e006.PNG" class= inline-graphic"/> Term1, in Equation 6, represented the regulation of import rate, Kimp by PKA of cAMP pathway (given by Tpk) and term 2 represented the regulation of export rate, Kexp by phosphatase Pph21/22 of TOR pathway and PKA of cAMP pathway.
The degree of functional impairment seems to vary among the haemoglobinopathies, as suggested by principal components analyses of the three export parameters: onset of export, rate of export, and amount of protein exported, which were recorded for each of the different erythrocytes.
We also tested the influence of the import rate of pSTAT1 molecules into the nucleus, and of the export rate of STAT1 from the nucleus into the cytosol.
The beginning of export and the export rate of PfSBP1CAD and SOLCAD were determined from the fluorescence exported to the erythrocytic cytoplasm by the parasite.
To assess the potential noise-reduction feature of low nuclear export rate on cytoplasmic variability, we performed Gillespie simulations (Gillespie, 1977) of a bursty promoter that stochastically transitions between on and off states at rates k O F F and k O N, producing transcripts at rate μ only when the promoter is on (Raj et al., 2006).
On the other hand, Figure 5A of reference [8] also shows that the nuclear export rate of Smad4 is about half of the nuclear export rate of Smad2.
Relative to the reference grasslands, SOC stock in the grass filters was up to 30 Mg C ha− 1 higher, an amount deemed too large to be attributed solely to retention of eroded C (export rate: 0.05-0.08 Mg C ha− 1 y− 1).
In fact, much longer examples of signal peptides are known to exhibit additional functions besides precursor targeting [10], [25], [26], for example regulation of the protein export rate as described for interleukin-15 [27], or signal peptide accumulation in the nucleoli in the case of mouse mammary tumor virus Rem protein after release from the endoplasmic reticulum [28].
The nuclear export rate of a protein depends on the activity of its NES, which in turn is determined by the strength and accessibility to the domain [45].
Nuclear localization of mRNA does not necessarily imply increased nuclear lifetime, namely, low export rate of mRNA.
The nuclear export rate of EGFP-LC3, measured by photobleaching the cytoplasmic pool of the protein, was also markedly slower than that of EGFP (Figure 4B).
