The gross figure excludes "depreciation" - the deteriorating state of existing infrastructure.
Future oil and gas projects in the region depend on security of existing infrastructure, particularly BTC.
Building the Internet on top of existing infrastructure in this way merely reinforces real-world geography.
"It's about making better use of existing infrastructure, improving the capacity and flow of the network," adds Staelens.
For now, integrating passenger rail into emergency plans would eliminate the need to improvise so many evacuation train decisions and allow efficient use of existing infrastructure and trains.
ICE stated: "Moving towards a more digitalised economy will enable maximum capacity to be extracted out of existing infrastructure networks, therefore acting as an enabler of growing productivity.
Out went the white elephants and construction showcases funded by public money, in came more private funds, temporary facilities and a more efficient use of existing infrastructure.
The other element of capital spending, the 'World Class Labs' fund earmarked for the renewal of existing infrastructure, is itself to be split, with 'more than half' to be allocated through competition.
But city taxpayers were on the hook for the cost of upgrades and expansions of existing infrastructure, such as a new off-ramp on the freeway or the upgrading of sewers to meet the greater demand.
Again, there is a reasonable explanation for this: UN peacekeeping missions are basically small countries in their own right, and given the scarcity of existing infrastructure they have to build or bring everything themselves: power, accommodation, transport, food, communications, etc.
Each city has a bundle of very specific needs, resources and opportunities: a different topography, a different history, different levels of income and inequality, a different provision of existing infrastructure.
