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For convenience, the concept of "equivalent fracture" is introduced.
Open image in new window Fig. 3 Sketch of equivalent fracture.
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When the value of Seq is equal to the value of S, the given straight line is defined as the equivalent fracture of the corresponding real fracture; also the included angle between equivalent fracture and radial well is defined as equivalent deflection angle η.
The guiding function of fracture orientated propagation is evaluated by included angle η between the axis of radial well and equivalent fracture.
In particular, tensile strength and equivalent fracture strain were evaluated on the final product to assess the effectiveness of welding.
By using the plasticity model, the EUST is transformed from stress space to the space of equivalent strain to fracture ¯εf, the stress triaxiality η, and the normalized Lode angle parameter ¯θ.
(2) According to the equivalency principle, a calculation chart of equivalent permeability for different hydraulic fracture permeability and sizes implemented in low-permeability layers is created.
However, cases of so-called Galeazzi-equivalent fractures have been reported in children with wrist dorsiflexion and hyperpronation due to a fall on an outstretched hand.
On top of that, by introducing the concept of equivalent maturity, the relationships between fracture parameters of site-casting dam concrete and equivalent maturity were obtained.
This method allows the researcher to obtain critical data of equivalent plastic strain and triaxility, which allows for more precise calibration of the Johnson Cook fracture model.
The top horizontal axial is normalized bridging location (D) (see Fig. 12) with fracture length (a); therefore, D/a = 0 means the fracture is bridged at the wellbore wall, while D/a = 1 means the fracture is bridged at the very tip of the fracture (equivalent to the case without bridging).
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