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First, a single bubble of equivalent diameter d is considered.
It gives improvement in the Nusselt number upto 138%, 312% and 263% over the conventional fins of trapezoidal, triangular and parabolic shapes for the case of equivalent diameter and for the case of hydraulic diameter it gives such improvements upto 212%, 59%and90%0% respectively.
The shear rate and shear stress constants were expressed in terms of equivalent diameter and measureable parameters such as impeller speed and torque.
As observed in [10], considering a turbulent flow inside a tube of equivalent diameter D and mean velocity, the length scale of the large eddies, l0, would be of the order of D, and their time scale, t0, of the order of D/.
The unfiltered cigarette was 70 mm long and of equivalent diameter to the filtered cigarettes.
The two filtered cigarettes were each king sized and of equivalent diameter, differing in tipping paper color (cork versus white).
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Bubbles of equivalent diameters ranging from 0.90 to 2.24 mm are studied, exhibiting vertical and zigzagging paths when they rise in the liquid.
Open image in new window Fig. 2 The dependence of shear constant/coefficient on equivalent diameter d e and flow behavior index n.
The use of equivalent-diameter contemporary nickel titanium archwires for comparison of friction and surface roughness is therefore appropriate.
The calculation of these indexes requires measurement of the areas of the individual airspaces and the calculation of the equivalent diameter deq of each airspace.
As was seen in Section 4, the refractive indices depend on the CH4 ratios, but their influence on the maximum polarization seems to be small compared with the influence of the equivalent diameter of the grains (smaller than, or about equal to the wavelength).
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