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Loss of either plasmid attenuates virulence.
HEK293T cells were transfected with 1 μg of either plasmid using Lipofectamine 2000 (Life Technologies) following the manufacturer's recommendations.
Briefly, trypsinized chondrocytes (1 × 106 cells) were gently mixed with 6 μg of either plasmid and then were electroporated using Nucleofector® program U-28.
LEU+ clones were grown to saturation in YPD media at 23°C to allow loss of either plasmid pTH2 or pEU42, then plated in 10-fold serial dilutions on media containing 5-fluoroorotic acid (FOA).
The wild-type Bristol N2 strain [ 1] was transformed by co-injection [ 39] of either plasmid (100 ng/μl) or fosmid (10 ng/μl) DNA together with marker plasmid pRF4 (100 ng/μl).
Furthermore, two phase I gene therapy studies in RA have been approved; the studies involve direct intra-articular delivery of either plasmid encoding the HSV-TK gene or AAV serotype 2 containing the human TNF receptor Fc immunoglobulin fusion gene (tgAAC94).
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Therefore, we propose that sliGI-1 was deleted during laboratory adaptation of TK24, either during plasmid curing or afterwards, consistent with relaxation of purifying selection, as the functions encoded within this locus may not be required under laboratory conditions.
Promising approaches based on the delivery of genes, either as plasmid DNA or by viral vectors, have been extensively evaluated preclinically and in early-phase clinical trials.
We were unable to isolate spontaneously resistant mutants to SKI-356313, but overexpression of hicB, either through plasmid overexpression or the hicB P12T promoter mutation, confers resistance to both SKI-356313 and ciprofloxacin.
Standard curves using plasmids of either the methylated or unmethylated sequences were highly reproducible for all assays, with R values of 0.947 or higher between the duplicates on each of the individual plates.
On day 1, mutant 10 3 cells were transfected with 1 µg/well of either control plasmid (pcDNA3.1; lane 12) or plasmid encoding NPC1 (pCMV-NPC1-Flag-TEV-StrepTactin; lane 13).
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