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He was too familiar with the philosophy of Descartes and its problems to subscribe to a mind-body dualism of distinct substances, the one thinking, the other extended.
Each creature causally contributes to the occurrence of its own states, and the apparent interaction between distinct substances is due to how the states of distinct substances harmonize with each other.
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God's activity is required here on the grounds that as the union is defined in terms of the interaction of essentially distinct substances with mutually exclusive essences, we must go outside that union to account for the ability of one substance to effect change in the other.
Even so, it is a mistake, on this view, to postulate two distinct types of thing (the idea of Caesar and the man Caesar) that are composed of two distinct substances (the mental and the physical).
This basic outlook differs fundamentally from the assumptions that dominated metaphysical thinking in Europe after the introduction of Christianity: the belief that the ultimate principle of the world is transcendent but anthropomorphic (as human beings are made in its image), that the things of the world arise through design, and that the world is composed of ontologically distinct substances.
In fact, Descartes thought that human beings are composed of two distinct substances: a mind and a body.
In that correspondence, Elisabeth presses Descartes on the relation between the two really distinct substances of mind and body, and in particular the possibility of their causal interaction and the nature of their union.
An alternative account (initially championed by Owen 1965a) takes "the particular white" to denote a repeatable entity: a fully determinate universal that is capable of being shared by distinct substances.
A solution is a mixture of two or more chemically distinct substances that is said to be homogeneous on the molecular scale the composition at any one point in the mixture is the same as that at any other point.
However, he found that extractive analysis provided no fundamental insight into organic matter, since its products were not distinct substances but, rather, mixtures of broadly similar compounds.
At the time of writing, the IRIS list includes 510 distinct substances [109] and the PPRTV list includes 403 substances [110].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com