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Studies focusing on laterality differences in LOC have reported larger adaptation effects for repeated presentations of different exemplars of the same object category in the left hemisphere39,40, and greater sensitivity to changes in viewpoint in the right hemisphere54.
The observed decreases in activity in these regions replicate results on priming of different exemplars of single objects while further extending these results to similar complex visual scenes.
In Experiment 1, participants judged a variety of different exemplars to be worse category members if they were less fluent (because they were presented in a smaller typeface).
We focus our initial analysis upon the left lateral occipital cortex (left LO)38, as LO is believed to be central to object shape perception and previous work has found that adaptation effects in LO for repeated presentations of different exemplars of the same shape category are most prominent in the left hemisphere39,40.
Hemodynamic activity in the amygdala and category-selective cortex was modulated by the reinforcement contingency, leading to widespread fear of different exemplars from the reinforced category.
In contrast, HMAX is typically trained with large databases of pictures of different exemplars of, for example, hats and beer mugs as in the Caltech databases, which do not provide the basis for invariant representations of objects to be learned, but are aimed at object classification.
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Strong recovery from adaptation was expected even for the same concept condition (Deviant Level 2), as this condition consisted of different exemplar pictures (e.g., a different cow picture) that always varied from anchors in left/right orientation and often in part/whole view (e.g., face of a cow vs. face + body).
The system just has to try to classify based on a set of often quite different exemplars that are not transforms of each other.
The suggestion is that difficulties in both proactive interference and interference from habitual and distracting task-irrelevant thoughts (as found in those with a history of PTSD) can be seen as different exemplars of a broader interference vulnerability.
For instance, in the case of pairs of pictures, different pictures of the same object or different exemplars were used; similarly, in the case of pairs of words, the same words printed in different fonts, letter cases, and letter sizes were used.
Many of the photos included the same objects photographed from different viewpoints, or different exemplars of the same type of objects.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com