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A visual representation of the lack of data problem is depicted in Fig. 3, where we show a scatter plot for the training data of the yeast4 problem from KEEL imbalanced dataset repository6 [69] (attributes mcg vs. gvh) with only a 10%% of the original instances (Fig. 3a) and with the entire dataset (Fig. 3b).
Generally, an LS-TDE in a single-frame-based process easily confronts the lack of data problem because the frame length for analyzing speech signal is only 20-30 ms and the sampling frequency is limited to the capacity of usual electronic devices.
Rapid technological and scientific advances of the past few decades have generated demands for a workforce that possesses the skills associated with critical and creative scientific thinking: analysis and evaluation of data, problem solving, and generation of new concepts and ideas (Autor et al., 2003; Autor and Price, 2013).
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Even though it has long been recognized that substitution patterns are site-specific and depend on protein family, it is in general very difficult to estimate site-specific and family-specific substitution matrices due to a lack-of-data problem.
Examples of data problems in Fig. 4 include small steps in the data in SBL0 (Sable Island, offshore Canada) during 2009 and a small step/drift in HLP0 (Hel, Poland) during 2006.
Because of data problems we had to include this variable at practice level, however.
To overcome this lack-of-data-problem, spatial generalisation and modelling approaches have been developed.
The comparison between MONICA and the MCD, unfortunately very limited, due to privacy and agreement regulations, shed light on other quality-of-data problems.
Bocar Mamadou Daff, the head of Senegal's family planning program, shared his view of the data problem with me.
This type of missing data problem is referred to as not missing at random or NMAR.
An example of a data problem is seen in the LRM0 (Learmonth, Australia) residuals for 2000 2001.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com