Clusters in contemporaneous samples of comparable individuals are argued to be putative species [ 1- 3].
Note that rotation is based upon the robust covariance estimates and pays no attention to the ultimate goal of finding cohesive clusters of comparable individuals - the implicit assumption is that the key distinctions among groups are present and identifiable in the traits used for analysis.
Once the initial set of biologically relevant traits on comparable individuals has been identified, there is no need for the investigator to hypothesise how specimens might be divided among groups, nor the traits on which groups might be separated.
Under the phylogenetic species concept I (PSCI [ 34]), species are defined as "the smallest aggregation of populations (sexual) or lineages (asexual) diagnosable by a unique combination of character states in comparable individuals" (p. 211 [ 35]).
It is considered plausible that lumbar muscle strength is less likely to be observed in individuals with lower values, and so missing values might on average be one unit lower than the observed outcomes of otherwise comparable individuals.
It is for this reason that we assessed the comparable individual components of pain, fatigue and sleep disturbance for the FIQ and FSDC in order to make direct comparisons.
Case-control study, in epidemiology, observational (nonexperimental) study design used to ascertain information on differences in suspected exposures and outcomes between individuals with a disease of interest (cases) and comparable individuals who do not have the disease (controls).
Our chosen moments are, inevitably, just a few drops in an ocean of millions of comparable stories of individual tragedy and heroism.
This is typically achieved either parametrically or through, for example, matching of comparable pairs of individuals (e.g., Rubin 2006).
This includes information concerning the behaviors of the individual being sentenced and other individuals of comparable demographics.
As described in OECD (2006), available data suggest that the three taxonomic groups fish, invertebrates, and algae are of comparable susceptibility to the individual long-chain aliphatic alcohols, consistent with narcosis structure activity.
