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Translocation assists spread of both tick vector and haemoparasites among habitat patches/populations.
The distribution areas of both tick species overlap in eastern Europe (4, 5 ).
In Latvia and Estonia, the distribution of both tick species overlaps, and all 3 TBEV subtypes cocirculate in Latvia (3 ).
The B. burgdorferi homologue BB0405 was shown to be surface exposed, present in OM vesicles [ 65] and expressed in conditions representative of both tick and host environments [ 72].
In vitro assays demonstrated total disruption of both tick β-Actin and Na+-K+-ATPase in the synganglia, salivary glands and midguts.
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Alternatively, the emergence of the atypical Yar viruses may result from adaptation of TBEV to both tick species.
Moreover there was a small, but significant difference in the elevation of sites sampled for the eastern and western populations (with western sites being at slightly lower mean elevations) and elevation was significantly positively associated with the prevalence of both ticks and haemogregarines.
Migratory birds carry ticks to new habitats, enabling the spread of both ticks and Bb south and north.
These tick genes found to be functionally relevant for tick-pathogen interactions will likely be candidates for development of vaccines designed for control of both ticks and tick-borne pathogens.
Some candidates, of course, conveniently tick both boxes.
While our study provides robust evidence for the combined effects of the expansion of both the tick and the mouse on the rate of emergence of Lyme disease, our approach has several limitations.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com