Intersectional analysis is absent from the majority of the STEM education literature, which suggests that findings reported in the literature on women's sense of belonging are most likely reporting the belonging status of white women and reports on people of color are most likely reporting the experiences of men of color.
We found that sense of belonging was reported more among men, white students, and majors.
We also note that lower sense of belonging was most commonly reported by people of color, suggesting that race significantly impacts belonging, perhaps even more than gender.
However, good social and emotional development provides a foundation for good adjustment in schools and, in turn, enhances the sense of belonging, which has been reported to be correlated with positive affect, academic self-efficacy, and academic achievement (Duckworth and Seligman 2005; Goodenow 1993; Mouratidis and Sideridis 2009; Nix et al. 2013; Ray and Smith 2010).
Therefore, students' overall belonging status was coded as follows: (1) belongs in STEM (positive belonging status, only reported feelings of belonging), or (2) does not belong in STEM (negative belonging status, only reported feelings of not belonging), or (3) mixed (reported both feelings of belonging and not belonging).
Students reported either feeling they belonged or didn't belong; others reported mixed feelings of belonging.
Only a bit more than half of the women of color majors reported consistent feelings of belonging.
Within STEM, both women and students of color have consistently reported less sense of belonging than men and white students (Good et al. 2012; Johnson 2012; Smith et al. 2013).
(Interviewee 02)" In this sense, Judaism, as a category of belonging to a group, was not reported by participants merely in its religious, ethnic, linguistic or cultural dimension, but as an existential issue or legacy that cannot but be transmitted.
According to research released by the Scanlon Foundation last week, the majority of Australian Muslims have a high level of identification with Australia, with 72% reporting a sense of belonging to either a "great" or "moderate" extent.
