In line with earlier research (Fehr and Fischbacher 2003; Fehr and Gächter 2002; Henrich et al. 2006; Shinada et al. 2004), the costs of being punished were three times the costs of administering punishment.
In other words, the insula may mediate the anticipation of punishment or loss rather than the actual emotional consequences of being punished.
Previous research has shown that in the long run, punishment leads to increased cooperation levels, both because of the fear of being punished and because those who have been punished increase contributions (Fehr and Gächter 2000, 2002).
Apart from the fear of being punished, people have also been shown to contribute more if the possibility of punishment exists because they expect others to contribute more (Shinada and Yamagishi 2007).
"Instead of being punished, they are being rewarded," he said.
They were afraid of being punished by school officials for speaking out.
Many children do not speak out for fear of not being believed and of being punished.
All the while, the humiliation of being punished for his blindness ate away at him.
But the assistant and Galea never met with baseball's investigators, and no player ended up in danger of being punished.
The vast majority said they did not report the episodes to the authorities out of fear of being punished.
Academics rarely speak out publicly against their precarious working arrangements for fear of being punished by losing hours.
