This state of affairs obtained until the Fair Rents Act was, in effect, repealed, in the late 1980s.
But direct realists as much as indirect realists admit that there can be cases where a person would be justified in believing that a certain physical state of affairs obtained were it not for the fact that he has good evidence that he is hallucinating, or else subject to perceptual illusion.
Thoughts are true or false; states of affairs obtain or not.
Because a necessary state of affairs obtains whether or not anyone acts, (2) is false.
Given two worlds w1 and w2, a schematic world w1 ∩ w2 is a world at which all and only the states of affairs obtain, which obtain both at w1 and at w2. Dually, a "superposed" or inconsistent world w1 ∪ w2 is a world at which all and only the states of affairs obtain, which obtain at w1 or at w2.
This is sometimes expressed by saying that while states of affairs obtain or not and thoughts are true or false, facts simply are (see Ducasse 1940, 709 10).
Why would one think that God's intending that A φ is an immediate, total, and exclusive cause of a deontic state of affairs' obtaining?
It is possible for one to be a metaethical theological voluntarist and to hold that no normative states of affairs obtain.
In favor of the claim that morality could not wholly depend on something arbitrary: when we say that some moral state of affairs obtains, we take it that there is a reason for that moral state of affairs obtaining rather than another.
In order to understand these claims and the relations between them it is necessary to appeal to some accounts of truth, truth-bearers, states of affairs, obtaining, objects, properties, relations and exemplification.
A metaethical theological voluntarist might claim that no normative state of affairs could be made to obtain without certain acts of divine will, but because there is no God, or because there is a God that has not performed the requisite acts of will, no normative states of affairs obtain.
