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We use a set of hierarchically arranged recurrent networks for the unsupervised learning of action representations with increasingly large spatiotemporal receptive fields.
However, the activation of action representations seems unlikely to have had an important influence on our results for a number of reasons.
This sex-specific result is consistent with neuroimaging studies indicating a stronger involvement of action representations during emotional and empathic processing in females than in males.
According to the SRM, the motor system simulates an action, by whomever the agent is (oneself or somebody else), and these two modalities of action representations share the same neural structures [12], [13].
The build-up of action representations is a slow process that takes place during the entire childhood [53] and might be impaired in neurodevelopmental pathologies presenting with social deficits, such as autism spectrum disorders [54].
However, this relationship seems to be present only in female subjects, consistent with previous research indicating a stronger involvement of action representations during emotional and empathic processing in females than in males [62] [65].
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Consequently, the SRM assumes that the overlap between neural activations, resulting from both of these forms of action representation, is incomplete.
Furthermore, the anterior insula has been found to be active during imagery of standing and walking [49], and has been reported to be involved in the 'sense of agency' of hand movement [50], that is, the experience of oneself being the cause of an action, which is a fundamental aspect of action representation.
By minimizing the prediction error at all the levels of action representation, the most likely cause of the action, at both the intention and the intermediate goal level, will be inferred.
Second, our stimuli were scale models of familiar objects, so many of their associated action representations would not be appropriate.
Alternatively, TPJ activity during gestural interpretation may reflect the attribution of agency to the action representations in the pMNS [74].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com