In 1983 Gardner challenged the assumption of a single intelligence by proposing a theory of "multiple intelligences".
Since then the idea of a single intelligence system has given way to the concept of an "intelligence community" comprising the CIA, the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), separate army, navy, and air force intelligence staffs, State Department intelligence, the National Security Agency NSAa), a Department of Energy nuclear intelligence unit, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation FBII).
In 1939, Wechsler specifically commented that "we are rather hesitant about calling a person a genius on the basis of a single intelligence test score".
This many-leveled confrontation is played out against the background of a millennial event known as "Transcendence," which briefly unites every conscious mind in the solar system in a single intelligence of immeasurable power.
Known collectively as the gut microflora (or microbiota, a term Gordon prefers because it derives from the Greek word bios, for "life"), these microbes have a Star Trek analogue, he says: the Borg Collective, a community of cybernetically enhanced humanoids with functions so intertwined that they operate as a single intelligence, sort of like an ant colony.
The advantage of the present study is that a single intelligence test was used for all participants.
Finally, there is the worry that creating a single intelligence head would exacerbate the problem of "group think", where intelligence officers in a single structure do not challenge one another's assumptions.
In its final report in July, the 10-member commission documented a long history of incompetence and turf battles among intelligence and counterterrorism agencies, and urged that the agencies be brought under the control of a single, powerful intelligence director.
I don't mean to suggest that a good movie is just a mess that happens to work (although there have been such cases) — only that a good movie is not always the result of a single artistic intelligence.
And a new, more widely educated generation of readers, conditioned by postmodernism, seems to have discovered in the novel's episodic form, its lack of a single controlling intelligence, its mockery and ironies and its jumble of references, a perfect analogue for their own experience.
What this self-consciously rhetorical gesture asserts is that works of art, including films, should not be seen as the product of a single controlling intelligence, but have to seen as products of their times and social contexts.
